|
|
Text
Introduction
These notes are designed to help in the preparation and presentation of typescripts
and to establish general stylistic conventions. They also provide advice on
permissions, indexes, production schedules, and other aspects of the process
by which an author's typescript is transformed into a book. While the notes
contain recommendations for particular systems of reference, etc., an author's
first priorities should be clarity and consistency. Individual typescripts will
often have features not dealt with in the present document, and in such cases
authors are urged to consult their Press editor at the earliest possible stage.
Authors of books on Law should also consult notes for law authors.
Title
Please choose a title that is factual and informative. An erudite or allusive
phrase may sometimes be admissible as a subtitle, but it is essential that the
main title should be straightforwardly descriptive so that it represents the
content of your book clearly to booksellers, librarians and users of computerised
catalogues.
Word limit
It is vital that you observe the word limit agreed with your Press editor at
the time of signing your contract. The length of the book and its eventual retail
price are closely linked. The limit covers everything in the typescript, including
notes, quoted material, bibliography and index. Over-length typescripts are
liable to be returned the author for trimming.
Spelling, punctuation and capitalisation
- Authors should consistently adopt either British or American spelling
conventions throughout their typescripts (except in quotations from other sources,
where the spelling convention of the original should be retained). In British
style either -ise or -ize may be used, but one form should be used throughout.
In American style -ize and -yze should be used.
- Punctuation systems should consistently follow either British or American
conventions (except in quotations from other sources, where the punctuation
convention of the original should be retained). British style uses single inverted
commas, except for quotations within quotations (which have double inverted
commas). Punctuation should follow closing inverted commas except for grammatically
complete sentences beginning with a capital. American style uses double inverted
commas, except for quotations within quotations (which have single inverted
commas). Punctuation should precede closing quotation marks (except for dashes,
colons and semicolons, unless these are part of the quoted matter).
- In multi-author volumes, all contributors should follow the same system
of spelling and punctuation, as agreed with the volume editor or Press editor.
- The use of capitals should be kept to a sensible minimum. We prefer
lower-case 'm' for 'medieval' and lower-case 'w' in 'western Europe'.
Contractions, abbreviations and acronyms
- In British style contractions will have no full points (e.g. Mr, St,
edn), though abbreviated words, which do not end with their final letter, and
their plural forms, will (e.g. vol., vols., ed., eds.)
- In American style contractions should have a period (Mr., St.), as
should abbreviations in both singular and plural forms (vol., vols., ed., eds.).
- Acronyms and abbreviations in capitals should have no stops in either
British or American style: NATO, USA, EU, BC.
Numbers and dates
- Numbers should be written out up to 100, except in a discussion that
includes a mixture of numbers above and below this, in which case all of them
should be in figures (e.g. 356 walkers overtook 72 others, as 6 fell back, exhausted).
Numbers with units should always be given in figures, with a space between the
number and the unit (e.g. 4 cm).
- Dates should be written in the form: 20 December 1148; 20 December;
AD 245-50. December 20, 1148 is acceptable in American style.
- Centuries should be written out (twenty-first century) and 1920s etc.
should be written without an apostrophe.
Notes and reference systems
- Generally notes should be kept brief. Source references should be
given with as little additional matter as possible.
- Notes should be numbered throughout each chapter in an unbroken sequence
(3a, as an afterthought, is not acceptable).
- Op. cit., loc. cit. and idem should not be used as forms of reference,
but ibid. may be used.
- Authors are reminded that notes are included within their contractual
word-limit. If the contract says 100,000 words, this includes the allowance
for notes (e.g. 92,000 words of text plus 8,000 words of notes).
- The form of reference used in your notes should be applied consistently
throughout the typescript. The short-title system and the author-date system
described below provide good models. As a general rule, books in humanities
subjects (which refer regularly to historical sources and documents) are best
served by the short-title system, whereas books in more technical social science
subjects tend to use the author-date system.
The short-title system
A source should be given a full reference the first time it is cited in your
notes. If your book has no bibliography, it is advisable to give the full reference
at the first mention in each chapter. The full reference should include the
following information, in this order:
Full references to books
author's or editor's first name(s) or initials
author's or editor's surname
complete title (including subtitle, if any)
compiler or translator, if any
series title, if any
edition, if not the original
number of volumes, if applicable
place of publication
publisher's name
date of publication
volume number (preferably in roman numbers), if applicable
page number(s)
e.g. A. T. Runnock, Medieval fortress building, new edition, 2 vols. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1976), vol. I, pp. 135-7.
e.g. G. S. Rousseau and Pat Rogers (eds.), The enduring legacy: Alexander Pope,
tercentenary essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 44.
Full references to journal articles
author's first name(s) or initials
author's surname
title of the article (in inverted commas)
title of the journal
volume number (in arabic numbers)
date of volume
page number(s), if available (without p. or pp.)
e.g. Elizabeth Salter, 'Piers Plowman and the pilgrimage to truth', Essays
and Studies 11 (1958), 34-5.
e.g. Arthur Jerrold Tieje, 'A peculiar phase of the theory of realism in pre-Richardsonian
fiction', PMLA 28 (1913), 237.
References to manuscript material (including unpublished theses or dissertations)
author's first name(s) or initials
author's surname
title of document (in inverted commas)
volume or batch number, where applicable
name of collection, if known
folio number, or call number, if known
depositary and where located (or academic institution with date for PhD theses
and dissertations)
e.g. H. R. Southall, 'Regional unemployment patterns in Britain, 1851 to 1914',
unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge (1984), p. 72.
e.g. Richardson to Lady Bradshaigh, 15 December 1748, 'Richardson / Bradshaigh
letters', Forster collection, XI, fo. 7, Harvard University.
After the first mention, references to the source in the notes should take
a shortened form. A shortened reference includes only the last name of the author
and the short title of the book (containing the key word or words from the main
title, so as to make the reference easily recognisable and not to be confused
with any other work), followed by the page number of the reference. Thus:
Shortened references to books
author's or editor's surname (no first name or initials unless there is more
than one author with the surname)
short title of the book
volume number, if applicable
page number(s)
e.g. Rousseau and Rogers (eds.), Enduring legacy, p. 45.
In general, titles of two or three words should not be shortened,
e.g. Runnock, Medieval fortress building, p. 74.
Shortened references to journal articles
author's surname (no first name or initials unless there is more than one author
with the surname)
short title of the article (in inverted commas)
page number(s) (without p. or pp.)
e.g. Salter, 'Pilgrimage to truth', 34-5
e.g. Tieje, 'A peculiar phase', 75.
Shortened references to manuscript material (including unpublished theses or
dissertations)
author's surname (no first name or initials unless there is more than one author
with the surname)
short title
page number(s)
e.g. Southall, 'Regional unemployment', p. 72.
e.g. 'Richardson / Bradshaigh letters', fo. 116.
The author may of course be separated from the short title, e.g. in text/footnote
formulations such as:
[As Runnock observes, the fortress inevitably had a secondary religious function.
Medieval fortress building, p. 134.]
The form of entries in the bibliography is similar to that for the full reference,
except that the author's surname and first name or initials are inverted. A
note usually carries the page number(s) or other specific reference to the part
of the source which is being cited, while the bibliography usually gives those
designating the section of a journal or multi-author volume covered by the whole
of the cited article.
e.g. Runnock, A. T., Medieval fortress building, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1976
e.g. Salter, Elizabeth, 'Piers Plowman and the pilgrimage to truth', Essays
and Studies 11 (1958), 30-48
e.g. Tieje, Arthur Jerrold, 'A peculiar phase of the theory of realism in pre-Richardsonian
fiction', PMLA 28 (1913), 213-52.
The author-date (Harvard) system
The author-date system (also known as the Harvard system) works best for books
in social science subjects such as linguistics and economics, where the references
are to secondary works rather than primary sources. It is not usually suitable
for literary books, or those with references to manuscript collections, historical
documents, foreign works and translations. For those books the short-title system
should be used.
The main advantage of the author-date system is that it is concise and easy
for the reader to follow. As the reference is given in a short form in the text,
footnotes or endnotes can be kept to a minimum.
- The textual reference should give the author's surname, the date of
publication and the page reference within brackets in the form:
(Culler 1998, p. 20) or (Culler 1998: 20)
This is the same for books, journal articles, chapters in an edited book or
PhD theses.
- Personal communications and unpublished data should be fully attributed
in the text, as they will not appear in the list of references.
- Works by the same author (or group of authors) in the same year should
be cited as 1998a, 1998b, etc.
- Et al. can be used for works by three or more authors if there is
no possible ambiguity. The names of the co-authors should, however, be given
in the list of references.
- Several citations together should be listed consistently in either
date order (Smith 1990; Culler 1998; Williams 2002) or in alphabetical order
(Culler 1998; Smith 1990; Williams 2002).
- All published works referred to in the text must be included in one
alphabetical list of references at the end of the book, or - in the case of
contributory volumes - in a separate list at the end of each chapter. Similarly,
all works in this reference list must be cited in the text.
- The list of references should give the full details for each work,
in the following order:
Books
author's surname
author's first name or initials
date of publication
title of publication
place of publication
publisher's name
e.g. Baranzini, Mauro and Scazzieri, Roberto (eds.) 1990. The economic
theory of structure and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
Journal articles
author's surname
author's first name or initials
date of publication
title of article (in inverted commas)
title of journal
the journal volume number (in arabic numerals)
first and last page numbers
e.g. Higginbotham, James 1983. 'On semantics', Linguistic Inquiry 16: 547-94
Chapters in an edited volume should be in the form:
Morishima, Michio 1990. 'Economic theory and industrial revolution', in Baranzini
and Scazzieri (eds.), pp. 175-97
There is no need to give full publication details if the edited volume is included
in the List of references in its own right.
Forthcoming works should be included in the reference list only if they have
been accepted for publication. They should be listed as 'in press' and updated
when you see the proofs. Works that have not been accepted for publication should
not be in the reference list - they should be cited in the text as unpublished
data or personal communications.
Citing websites
It is the author's responsibility to ensure that any external websites mentioned
in the book are correct and active. Websites should be cited in roman without
angle brackets: http://www.cambridge.org.
The bibliography or reference list
- Your typescript should include a bibliography if you have used the short-title
system or a list of references if you have used the author-date system. A bibliography
should generally contain all the sources cited in the text and notes and any
other important titles that you think should be included. It should aim to provide
a useful and concise reference guide to works relevant to the subject of your
book. It may be set out as a single alphabetical listing, or it may be subdivided
into primary and secondary material. A list of references should contain only
those works cited in the text and should not be subdivided.
- In the case of multi-author volumes, the volume editor(s) will usually be
responsible for collating all the contributors' bibliographies into a general
bibliography at the end of the volume, editing for consistency and overlap as
appropriate.
Quotations and permission to reproduce them
- Quotations should be kept to a minimum and lengthy quotations should
be avoided.
- As a general rule, quotations of more than about sixty words should
be set off from the main text (indented with extra space above and below). Those
of fewer than sixty words should run on in the text inside inverted commas.
- Line references should be either numbers alone ('78-82'), or 'lines
78-82'. Do not use 'll.', which can be confused with II or 11.
- Quotations of prose passages from a foreign language should be given
in English only, using either an established translation or a new one of your
own.
- When quotation in a foreign language is essential (e.g. of poetry),
it should be followed directly (not in the notes) with an English translation,
placed in square brackets.
- All quotations should be typed in double-spacing (just like the text,
the notes, and the bibliography).
- Finally, it should be noted that quotations from material still in
copyright will require permission from the copyright-holder if they are to be
reproduced in print. This applies, for example, to anything published in the
last fifty years, including translations. Texts of ancient authors that have
been newly edited in the last fifty years and appear now in significantly revised
editions may also be in copyright. However, if the quoted material is subjected
to a direct critical analysis (where the actual lines quoted are engaged with
critically, rather than being reproduced merely in order to illustrate a point),
it will be covered by the fair-dealing clause of the Copyright Act and permission
need not be applied for. It is usually our policy to contain all quotations
from in-copyright material within the provisions of the fair-dealing clause,
to avoid copyright problems and costly permissions.
Layout and pagination
- You will need to submit both a typescript and the electronic files
of your text.
- Your typescript should be printed on one side of the paper only (double-sided
copy is not acceptable), with generous margins.
- You should double-space everything, including notes and bibliography.
- Please ensure that the typescript is paginated throughout, in one
sequence (rather than by chapter), and that your final printout exactly matches
the disk that you submit with it.
The typescript you submit must be the final version. You will not
be able to make any substantial changes or additions once the book is in production.
Sensitive language
Try to be sensitive in your use of terms that may cause offence, e.g. use 'Native
American' rather than 'Indian'; White and Black are preferable to Caucasian
and Negroid; use 'Humanity', 'people', 'humans' rather than 'Man' to describe
the human race; use 'him/her' or 'them' rather than 'him' (but we prefer that
you rewrite to avoid excessive use of him/her).
Electronic Files
In submitting electronic files of your typescript, please observe the following:
- Save your files in a word-processing or LaTeX format unless we have given
you other specific advice. If you are using LaTeX, check with your Press editor
whether you should be using one of our house macros.
- Label all disks with your name, the book title, the program used and
the date.
- Make certain that the disks and the double-spaced hard copy that you
send to us are the final version and are identical. Keep an exact back-up copy
on disk or on your computer and, if submitting your typescript as LaTeX files,
keep a complete, paginated hard copy for easy reference during copy-editing.
- Number your pages in one sequence throughout the typescript.
- Make sure that special characters are clear. If your computer cannot
reproduce an accent or special character, please write it clearly on the hard
copy.
- If your book contains tables, please avoid using complex commands for
laying out their content.
|
